Collet-type splice and dead end for use with an aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable

ABSTRACT

This invention relates to collet-type splices and collet-type dead ends and methods for splicing together two electricity transmission cables or terminating one electricity transmission cable, the cables comprising a composite core surrounded by a conductor. The collet-type fittings use a collet inside a collet housing to hold the composite cores without penetrating or otherwise weakening the core itself. The composite cores can be stripped of the aluminum conductor to provide a bond between the collet and the composite core. The collet seats within the collet housing thereby holding the composite core with frictional forces. The design of the collet enables the composite core to stretch longitudinally through the collet to strengthen the frictional hold.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application claims priority as a divisional application of U.S.patent application Ser. No. 11/306,951 filed on Jan. 17, 2006, now U.S.Pat. No. 7,608,783, which claims priority as a continuation-in-partapplication of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/911,072 filed on Aug.4, 2004, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,019,217, and which also claims priority asa continuation-in-part application of PCT Application No.PCT/US04/035199 filed on Oct. 22, 2004, each of which claims priority asa continuation-in-part application of U.S. patent application Ser. No.10/690,839 filed on Oct. 22, 2003, now U.S. Pat. No. 7,041,909, whichclaims priority as a continuation-in-part application of PCT ApplicationNo. PCT/US03/12520 filed on Apr. 23, 2003. Each of the foregoingapplications is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Current methods and devices to splice or terminate composite corereinforced cables, such as those disclosed in PCT Application No.PCT/US03/12520 and incorporated by reference herein, do not exist.Generally, the splice functions as both a mechanical and an electricaljunction between the ends of two cables. Splices for use withtraditional aluminum conductor steel reinforced cable are known in theart. However, due to the differences in the physical properties ofaluminum conductor composite core reinforced cables, as compared totraditional aluminum conductor steel reinforced cable, existing devicesand methods to splice will not be effective.

Traditional aluminum conductor steel reinforced cable (ACSR) is formedfrom a set of twisted aluminum conductors wrapped around a core of steelwires. In ACSR type cables, the steel reinforces the tensile strength ofthe aluminum. For example, in a properly sagged conductor at normaloperating temperatures in the range of 60° C. to 75° C., the aluminumstranding of ACSR conductor carries approximately 40% of the tensileload. The balance is carried by the steel. As the conductor increases intemperature, the aluminum, expanding at a faster rate than the steel,transfers more load to the steel. Connectors designed for use with ACSRare designed with this in mind, where the steel component of the systemdoes not carry the full tension of the conductor. Therefore, the steelcomponents of these connectors are sized accordingly.

To splice two ACSR cable spans, linemen use a device such as a fulltension compression splice. For this device, a lineman strips thealuminum away from the steel core. A sleeve or die is placed over theend of the exposed core. The lineman leaves a small part of the steelcore exposed beyond the end of the sleeve. A compression vise is used toaffix the sleeve to the steel core. The sleeve and steel core from bothcables are then inserted into a second tube. The tube is long enough tocover the sleeve and part of the aluminum conductor that was notstripped away. This tube is also crimped with a compression vise. Theseimplements create compression fittings that hold both the aluminumconductor and the steel core.

Splices designed for ACSR cables are ineffective with aluminum conductorcomposite core reinforced cables. As opposed to ACSR cables, thecomposite core member is the load carrying member in aluminum conductorcomposite core reinforced cables and connectors must be designed withthis in mind. Accordingly, crimping a tube to the aluminum conductordoes not hold together the composite core load-bearing members of thetwo cables. Moreover, because the composite core is much stronger than atraditional steel core and because the conventional inner steel tubes ofa traditional splice are imprecise, crimping of the steel tube to thecomposite core would not provide adequate grip at the higher ratedtensions for example, 41,000 pounds vs. 31,500 for a conventional Drakesize. This lack of precision may further cause stress concentrationpoints which may compromise longevity of the core.

Thus, a need exists for an apparatus to splice and terminate compositecore reinforced cables and other composite core cables.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

A splice fitting to connect a first electricity transmission cable to asecond electricity transmission cable, each cable comprising a compositecore surrounded by a conductor, is disclosed. In various embodiments,the splice comprises at least two collet-type fittings and a connectingdevice. The collet-type fittings further comprise a collet having alumen to hold the composite core, the lumen further comprising aninterior surface adapted to grip the core without penetrating into thecore and a collet housing comprising at least one end adapted to couplewith a connecting device and further configured to seat the colletwithin the collet housing. The connecting device coupling with thecollet housing compresses the collet inside the collet housing.Compressing the collet exerts a compressive and frictional force on thecomposite core of the cable.

In another embodiment, a splice fitting to connect a first electricitytransmission cable to a second electricity transmission cable, eachcable comprising a composite core surrounded by a conductor, isdisclosed. In various embodiments the splice comprises at least twocollet-type fittings and a connecting device. The collet-type fittingsfurther comprise a collet housing adapted to hold a collet, the housinghaving at least one end configured to couple with a connecting deviceand a collet that seats within the collet housing, the collet having alumen to hold the composite core, the lumen further comprising aninterior surface adapted to grip the core without penetrating into thecore. The connecting device connects the at least two collet-typefittings to form the splice wherein, coupling with the collet housingcompresses the collet inside the collet housing and wherein compressingthe collet exerts a compressive and frictional force on the compositecore of the cable.

In yet another embodiment, a collet-type dead end to terminate anelectricity transmission cable, the cable comprising a composite coremember surrounded by a conductor, is disclosed. In various embodiments,the dead end comprises a first collet-type fitting adapted to receivethe composite core member, at least a second collet-type fittingconnected to the at least first collet-type fitting, and a connectorthat couples between the first collet-type fitting and a structure. Inthis embodiment, the first collet-type fitting comprises at least acollet and a collet housing, wherein the collet housing is adapted toengage a second collet-type fitting. The at least second collet-typefitting is connected to at least the first collet-type fitting andfurther comprises a collet and a collet housing. The connector comprisesa first end and a second end, the first end of the connector adapted tocouple with the first collet-type fitting, and the second end adapted tocouple with a structure, wherein the first end functions to seat andcompress the collet within the collet housing. Compression of the colletexerts a compressive and frictional force on the composite core of thecable.

The dead ends and splices and other features of the invention are bestunderstood by referring to the detailed description of the invention,read in light of the accompanying drawings.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 is a three dimensional view of an embodiment of a composite corereinforced cable.

FIG. 2A through FIG. 2B are cross-sectional views of one embodiment of acollet-type splice and its corresponding elements according to thepresent invention.

FIG. 3 is a three-dimensional view of a collet and a collet housingaccording to the present invention.

FIG. 4A through FIG. 4B are cross-sectional views of one embodiment of acollet-type dead end and some of its corresponding elements according tothe present invention.

FIG. 5 shows one embodiment of a method for splicing two composite corecables according to the present invention.

FIG. 6 shows one embodiment of a method for terminating a composite corecable according to the present invention.

FIG. 7A shows an exploded view of one embodiment of a collet-type spliceand its corresponding elements.

FIG. 7B shows a cross sectional view of the exploded embodiment shown inFIG. 7A the corresponding elements fit together.

FIG. 8A shows an exploded view of one embodiment of a collet-type deadend and its corresponding elements.

FIG. 8B shows a cross sectional view of the exploded embodiment shown inFIG. 8A the corresponding elements fit together.

FIG. 9 shows a cross sectional view of one embodiment of an assembleddead end type assembly and its corresponding elements.

FIG. 10 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of a housing for acollet-type dead end and its corresponding elements.

FIG. 11 shows an exploded view of one embodiment of a housing for acollet-type dead end and its corresponding elements.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

The present invention will now be described more fully hereinafter withreference to the accompanying drawings, in which exemplary embodimentsof the invention are shown. This invention may, however, be embodied inmany different forms and should not be construed as limited to theembodiments set forth herein. Rather, these embodiments are provided sothat the disclosure will fully convey the scope of the invention tothose skilled in the art. The drawings are not necessarily drawn toscale but are configured to clearly illustrate the invention. Throughoutthis description, the term “couple”, “couples”, or “coupled” means anytype of physical attachment or connection of two parts.

The present invention relates to methods and apparatuses to connect orsplice together two composite core 101 reinforced cables. As usedherein, composite core refers generally to a core comprised of aplurality of fibers embedded in a resin matrix. FIG. 1 illustrates oneembodiment of an aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100.More specifically, FIG. 1 illustrates an aluminum conductor compositecore reinforced cable 100 having a reinforced carbon fiber/epoxy resincomposite inner core 104 and a reinforced glass fiber/epoxy resincomposite outer core 102, surrounded by a first layer of aluminumconductor 106A, wherein a plurality of trapezoidal shaped aluminumstrands wrap around the composite core 101, and surrounded by a secondlayer of aluminum conductor 106B wherein a plurality of trapezoidalshaped aluminum strands wrap around the first aluminum layer 106A. Forthis description, the splice and dead end fittings will be explainedusing this one embodiment of the composite core 101 cable 100 as anexample. However, the splice and dead end fittings may be used with anyembodiment of composite core reinforced cables 100.

To determine how to make the splice or dead end, an understanding of theforces affecting the cable 100 is needed. All explanations that followapply to an aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable that isequivalent to a Drake style ACSR cable. For this type of cable 100, therequired tensional force a splice must maintain is a minimum of 95% ofthe cable's rated strength. For example, in the case of a Drake sizedaluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable, which has a strengthrating of 41,000 pounds, the 95% minimum is approximately 38,950 pounds.Thus, the splice should be able to maintain a tensional force of around41,000 pounds. In a frictional fitting explained below, the splice ordead end counteract the tensional force by making a frictional couplingbetween the fittings and the composite core 101. To keep the compositecore 101 from slipping out of the splice or dead end, the frictionalforce should be the same or greater than the tensional force.Accordingly, to maintain a tensional force of 40,000 pounds, the spliceor dead end must apply a frictional force of 40,000 pounds or more. Africtional force is a function of the area under contact, thecompressive force of the contact, and the coefficient of friction.Frictional force is calculated according to the equation: FrictionalForce=(Coefficient of Friction)×(Compressive Force)×(Area)

As stated before, the frictional force should be equal to or greaterthan the tensional load on the cable 100. Thus, the frictional forceshould be at least 40,000 pounds. For the purposes of this embodiment,the Coefficient of Friction will be assumed to be 1. The composite core101 of the aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100 may beable to withstand a compressive force up to 10,000 pounds. For safetypurposes, a lesser compressive force of 4,000 pounds may be used.

The area under contact is the product of the length of the compositecore 101 set in the splice or dead end times the outside circumferenceof the composite core 101. The circumference of a composite core 101,with a 0.371 outside diameter, is about 1.17 inches. The amount offrictional force may be adjusted by placing more or less of a length ofthe composite core 101 under compression. In this example, the lengthunder compression could be 12 inches. As an example, twelve inches ofthe composite core 101, with a circumference of 1.17 inches, would needto be compressed 2850 pounds to achieve 40,000 pounds of frictionalforce. One skilled in the art will recognize how to apply these formulasto determine how to modify the dead ends and splices according to thepresent invention. In preliminary tests, the splice of the presentinvention, with similar dimensions, was able to withstand a tensionalforce of over 42,000 pounds.

Composite cores differ structurally from traditional steel wire cores asfound in a typical ACSR cable. Composite cores are comprised of aplurality of fibers embedded in a resin matrix to form a fiber/resinmatrix. The strength of such composite cores depend on the physicalproperties of the components of the fiber/resin matrix, in addition tophysical properties that result from the manufacturing process. Forexample, to produce high strength composite cores, the fibers arepre-tensioned and pulled through a resin matrix, wherein the resin andthe fibers are selected to comprise predetermined inherent physicalproperties. The manufacturing process also contributes to the strengthof the core. For example, the manufacturing process further enablessubstantial coating of the plurality of fibers within the matrix, whileminimizing introduction of air bubbles and dry spots. Physicalimperfections introduced during processing tend to weaken the compositecore. For example, air bubbles or dry spots, tend to create microfractures that propagate within the core and may eventually lead to corefailure. Similarly, externally penetrating the core by drilling holes,notching the outer edges, or using an apparatus to “bite” into the corefor example, will effectually weaken the composite structure and maylead to core failure.

Because of these characteristics of the composite core, many methods ofsplicing used with traditional ACSR cables will not work with compositecores. In the composites industry, composite members are often adheredtogether. A special glue, epoxy, or adhesive is applied to the compositeand to the member being affixed to the composite. Unfortunately, severalproblems occur with these adhesive bonds. First, adhesives do not spreadthe forces applied to the bond across the entire area of the bond.Rather, forces tend to localize along one or two inches of the bond.With the incredible tensional forces on the cables (up to 60,000 poundsor more), the adhesive bonds tend to fail in successive one inch regionsuntil the entire bond is compromised. Also, bonding to a compositemember tends to apply forces to the outer fibers in the composite. Thus,as forces build, the fibers on the exterior of the composite fail, andthen the bond fails also. To compensate, some composite manufacturersslice the composites lengthwise along an acute angle. Then, the twosliced composites are bonded along the slice. This bond distributes theforces along all the fibers not just those on the exterior of thecomposite. Unfortunately, the composite core of an aluminum conductorcomposite core reinforced cable is small. Making the slices in thesecores would be extremely difficult. In addition, bonding the compositeswould require special tools, materials, and training beyond that alineman currently enjoys. The use of adhesives in the field is alsodifficult because of environmental pollutants, such as moisture, dust,and other airborne materials, that can affect the proper mixing andsetting of the adhesives.

Collet-Type Splice

The present invention relates to several fittings used to splice thealuminum conductor composite core reinforced cables 100. The main loadbearing element of the aluminum conductor composite core reinforcedcable 100 is the composite core 101. Therefore, it is advantageous tohave a splice apparatus that can hold together the composite cores 101of the aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cables 100 withoutpenetrating the composite core 101 or weakening the composite core 101.Beyond holding together the composite cores 101, the splice shouldprovide an electrical junction between the two or more aluminumconductor composite core reinforced cables 100.

An embodiment of a collet-type splice is shown in FIG. 2A through FIG.2B. The embodiment of the collet-type splice 200 includes twocollet-type fittings 201 coupled by a connecting device 218. In thisembodiment, the collet-type fitting 201 comprises a collet 202, a collethousing 204, and at least one compression implement 206. In furtherembodiments, the collet-type fitting 201 may also include an aluminumfiller sleeve 208 and the collet type splice 200 may include an aluminumhousing 210, which may cover the two collet-type fittings 201 and theconnecting device 218. In the embodiment presented in the drawings, thecompression implement 206 and the connecting device 218 are formed froma single piece. However, one skilled in the art will recognize otherembodiments where these elements are formed from separate parts. Theelements of the collet-type fitting 201 function to mate with thecomposite core 101 of the aluminum conductor composite core reinforcedcable 100 and compress the collet 202 such that friction holds thecomposite core 101. Each element will be explained further below.

The collet 202 is a structure that can be compressed under greatpressure. In one embodiment, the collet 202 may be a conical piece witha lumen 214 concentrically oriented along the length of the collet 202.The lumen 214 is configured to receive the composite core 101. That is,the lumen is adapted to hold the composite core. The outer diameter ofthe collet 202 increases from a first end 220 of the collet 202 to asecond end 222, but the interior radius of the lumen 214 remainsconstant. While the collet 202 may be formed from two or more sections,the collet 202 may also be formed by one or more sections. In a furtherembodiment, the collet 202 may comprise one or more longitudinal slitsthat function to increase flexibility and compressibility of the collet202. The outside slope or change in diameter from the first end 220 tothe second end 222 of the collet 202 should be neither too shallow nortoo steep. If the slope is too shallow, the collet 202 may be forciblypulled through the end of the collet housing 204. Likewise, if the slopeis too steep, the collet 202 will not slide within the collet housing204 and apply increasing compressive forces on the composite core 101.In an exemplary embodiment, the collet 202 has an outside radius at thefirst end 220 of 0.326 inches and an outside radius at the second end222 of 0.525 inches.

A collet 202 may be made from any material that can be formed into anappropriate shape and be used to put compressive forces on the compositecore 101. Examples of such materials may include, but are not limitedto, varying strengths of stainless steel, semi-malleable metals orpolymers that can compress. One embodiment of the collet 202 is madefrom aluminum. The aluminum provides enough malleability to form aroundthe composite core 101 during compression but maintain its general shapewith the collet-housing 204.

The collet 202 provides a lumen 214 that functions to hold the compositecore 101. In one embodiment, the lumen 214 is configured to closelyapproximate the exterior configuration and circumference of thecomposite core 101. In essence, the inside shape and size of the lumen214 is approximately the same as the outside shape and size of theexposed composite core 101. FIG. 2 shows the collet 202, itscorresponding lumen 214, and the composite core 101 having a generallycircular cross section. However, the composite core 101, the collet 202,and the lumen 214 may have other shapes for cross sectional profiles.

In the exemplary embodiment shown in FIG. 2A though FIG. 2B, the lumen214 extends within the collet 202 concentrically along the length of thecollet 202 between the first end 220 and the second end 222. In theembodiment shown, there are two separate and distinct collets 202, witha connecting device 218 separating and connecting the two collets 202.

Another element of the collet-type fitting 201 is the collet housing204. The collet housing 204 provides an enclosure to hold the collet202. The interior of the collet housing 204 is adapted to allow thecollet 202 to fit inside the collet housing 204. In an exemplaryembodiment, the collet housing 204 is a tubular piece with afunnel-shaped interior as shown in FIG. 2B configured to receive andencapsulate the conical shaped collet 202. However, the invention is notlimited to that one embodiment but may assume any shape that canencapsulate the collet 202. Seating of the collet 202 within the collethousing 204 causes the collet 202 to further compress around and ontothe composite core 101 as the collet 202 slides further into the collethousing 204, as will be explained in more detail hereinafter. Thus, thecollet housing 204 must maintain its shape when the collet 202 is beingcompressed and pressing on the interior walls of the collet housing 204.

The collet housing 204 may be made of various rigid materials. Thematerials may include, but are not limited to, composites, graphite,hardened metals, or other sufficiently rigid and strong materials. In anexemplary embodiment, the collet housing 204 is formed from steel. Thecollet 202 and the collet housing 204 should be made from materials thatallow the collet 202 to slide within the collet housing 204 withoutbinding.

The collet housing 204 further comprises a first open end 226 and asecond open end 224 to enable the collet 202 to receive the compositecore 101. In addition, the collet housing 204 is further adapted tocouple with the compression implement 206. For example, in oneembodiment the housing comprises an end having a series of threads toengage the complementary threads of the compression implement 206. Thecompression implement 206 allows the initial compression of the collet202 against the composite core 101 by driving the collet 202 down intothe collet housing 204.

The compression implement 206 is the device or means of compressing thecollet 202. Thus, the compression implement 206 is any mechanical,electrical, pneumatic, or other device that can compress the collet 202.In an exemplary embodiment, the compression implement 206 is acompression screw 206 that threads into the inside of the collet housing204, see FIG. 2A. However, in other embodiments the compressionimplement 206 may use other devices and openings to compress the collet202. Hereinafter, the compression implement 206 will be described as acompression screw 206, but the invention is not meant to be limited tothat one embodiment.

The compression screw 206 is the threaded implement that can engage thegrooves 203 as shown in FIG. 3 in the collet housing 204. While a screw206 is shown, the compression implement 206 may also be a nut, which isan independent element from the connecting device 218. The compressionscrew 206 or compression nut 206 can have a hollow center 216 or ahollow cavity. This hollow center or cavity 216 can allow the compositecore 101 to pass through the compression nut 206 or into the compressionscrew 206. The compression screw 206 can have a series of threads alongthe outside surface of the screw 206. These threads can attach the screw206 to the collet housing 204, which has related grooves along theinside surface of the housing 204. As will be evident to one skilled inthe art, the threads on one side of the connecting device 218 may rotatein the opposite direction (counterclockwise) from the threads on theother side of the connecting device 218. This configuration of thethreads allows the connecting device 218 to be screwed into bothcollet-type fittings 201 simultaneously. By tightening the compressionscrew 206, a compressive force is applied to the collet 202. Thiscompressive force causes a compressive and frictional area of contactbetween the collet 202 and the composite core 101. The frictionalcontact extends along the length of the lumen 214 and the composite core101 that is placed inside the lumen 214. It is the compressive andfrictional forces that hold the composite core 101 in the collet 202.The edge of the lumen at the first end 220 may have a chamfer or bevelto prevent any force concentration at the end of the collet 202.

An alternate embodiment of a collet-type splice is shown in FIG. 7A andFIG. 7B. In this embodiment, the collet-type splice 700 includes twocollet-type fittings 703 coupled by a connecting device 706. In thisembodiment, the collet-type fitting 703 includes at least, a collet 702and a collet housing 704. As previously described, the collet-typefitting 703 may also include an aluminum filler sleeve (not shown) andthe collet type splice 700 may include an aluminum housing (not shown),which may cover the two collet-type fittings 703 and the connectingdevice 706.

In various embodiments, the connecting device 706 may comprise any typeof fitting that functions to couple the two collet-type fittings 703together while exerting forces to seat the collet 702 within the collethousing 704. For example, in one embodiment (not shown), the fittingdoes not comprise a threaded configuration. In this type of embodiment,a fitting may comprise a first fitting and a receiver fitting. The firstfitting may be configured to comprise a fur tree like configurationconsisting of a triangular configuration having a pointed end downstreamof a series of at least one equilaterally located cutouts terminating ina series of points, wherein the points mimic a tree like configuration.A receiver fitting may be designed to receive the fur tree likeconfiguration, such a receiver fitting comprising a triangularconfiguration having a series of equilateral cutouts to receive thepoints on the first fitting. In contrast to a threaded fitting, thefirst fitting snaps or fits into the receiver fitting.

Referring now to FIG. 7A, in an alternate embodiment, the connectingdevice 706 comprises a coupling housing retainer 708, a housing couplingretainer 710 and a coupling implement 712. In this embodiment, thehousing coupling retainer 710 and the coupling housing retainer 708 arethreaded such that unidirectional tightening of the coupling implement712 will simultaneously cause tightening of the collet housings 704 onboth sides of the coupling implement 712, effectively coupling the twoends of the composite core 101. Each component of the connecting device706 will be described in turn.

In various embodiments, the shape of the coupling housing retainer 708may comprise any of a plurality of configurations that enable one end toseat within the collet housing 704 and an opposite end to seat withinthe coupling implement 712. Referring to FIG. 7A, in this embodiment,the coupling housing retainer 708 comprises a cylindrical configurationhaving a first end 714, a second end 716, and a middle portion 724. Inthis embodiment, the first end 714 and the second end 716 are configuredinto a dog point configuration wherein, each dog point end is threadedin the same direction. Further, the middle portion 724 may provide ahold to aid in tightening.

Similarly, in various embodiments, the shape of the housing couplingretainer 710 may comprise any of a plurality of configurations thatenable one end to seat within the collet housing 704 and an opposite endto seat within the coupling implement 712. Referring to FIG. 7A, in thisembodiment, the housing coupling retainer 710 comprises a cylindricalconfiguration having a first end 720, a second end 718 and a middleportion 724. The first end 720 comprises a cylindrical configurationthreaded opposite that of the second end 716 of the coupling housingretainer 708. The second end 718 is configured into a dog pointconfiguration threaded opposite that of the first end 720 of the housingcoupling retainer 710. The first end 720 is configured to seat withinthe coupling implement 712, while the second end 718 is configured toseat within the collet housing 704.

In various embodiments, the coupling implement 712 may comprise anyplurality of configurations that enables tightening between the housingcoupling retainer 710 and the coupling housing retainer 708. Referringto FIG. 7A for example, the coupling implement 712 comprises acylindrical configuration having a first end 732, a second end 734, anda middle portion 722. The first end 732 is threaded to receive thesecond end 716 of the coupling housing retainer 708. The second end 734is threaded to receive the first end 720 of the housing couplingretainer 710.

According to this embodiment, first and second ends 714 and 716 of thecoupling housing retainer 708 are configured the same way and may beinserted into either the collet housing 704 or the coupling implement712. In contrast, according to this embodiment, the first and secondends 720 and 718 of the housing coupling retainer 710 are threadedopposite each other such that the second end 718 may only be insertedinto the collet housing 704 and the first end 720 may only be insertedinto the coupling implement 712.

In this embodiment, to couple the collet-type fittings 703 together, theappropriate ends of the coupling housing retainer 708 and the housingcoupling retainer 710 are inserted into the collet housing 704 and thecoupling implement 712. The coupling implement 712 is tightened usingmiddle portion 722, creating the collet-type splice as illustrated inFIG. 7B. As illustrated, turning the coupling implement 712 in onedirection tightens both the coupling housing retainer 708 and thehousing coupling retainer 710 due to the directional threading of thecoupling housing retainer 710 and the housing coupling retainer 708.

Referring still to FIG. 7B, the collet 702 is similar to the collet asdescribed previously. In this embodiment, each collet 702 comprises alumen 730 in which to receive the composite core 101. To form thesplice, the composite core 101 is inserted into the collet 702. Thecollet 702 and the core 101 are further inserted into the collet housing704, the collet housing 704 having a first end 728 towards the cable anda second end 726 towards the connecting device 706. For purposes of thisdescription, although the collet housing 704 is the same on either sideof the splice, the two collet housings 704 in FIG. 7B are referred to as704 a and 704 b so as to distinguish between coupling between thecoupling housing retainer 708 and the housing coupling retainer 710.

The second end 726 of the first collet housing 704 a receives the firstend 714 of the coupling housing retainer 708 and the second end 726 ofthe second collet housing 704 b receives the second end 718 of thehousing coupling retainer 710. The housing coupling retainer 710 and thecoupling housing retainer 708 further comprise a lumen 740 that extendsat least partially through each retainer 708, 710 to receive a portionof the composite core 101. The second end 716 and the first end 720 areinserted into the coupling implement 712 and the coupling implement istightened in one direction to form the splice.

Referring still to FIG. 7B, each collet 702 comprises a first end 742towards the cable 100 and a second end 744 towards the connecting device706. The first end 742, comprises a cone like configuration or noseregion 736. The nose region 736 may further comprise a polished exteriorsurface to facilitate seating of the collet 702 within the housing 704.

The design of the collet 702 and the collet housing 704, including boththe texture of the interior and exterior surfaces and the configurationof each of the elements, provides for a progressive grip to hold thecomposite core 101 without penetrating or weakening the core 101. Ingeneral, the forces are stronger towards the connecting device 706 andthe grip is released towards the first end 728 or cable side of thecollet housing 704. In various embodiments, the collet 702 comprises alumen to receive the composite core 101, wherein the lumen extendsbetween the first end 742 and the second end 744 of the collet 702. Theinterior surface of the lumen, the surface that contacts the compositecore 101, may be graded from rough at the second end 744 or connectorside to smooth at the first end 742 or cable side. In addition, thecollet 702 may further comprise a single cone shaped piece having one ormore slits cut into the length of the sides. The slits introduce someflexibility into the collet 702 such that when pressure is applied bythe connecting device 706 the collet 702 grips the outer surface of thecore 101. In addition, the outer surface of the collet 702 may furthercomprise a polished or smooth nose region 736. The smooth surface of thenose region 736 of the collet 702 allows the core 101 to stretch intothe collet 702 and move longitudinally inside the collet 702 at the noseregion 736. Further, the smooth surface of the collet 702 at the noseregion 736 enables the collet 702 to extend past the first end 728 ofthe collet housing 704 which further forces stretching of the core 101within the collet housing 704. These forces ensure that the compositecore 101 does not slip out of the collet 702 when the tension increases.

As shown in FIG. 3, the tension in the cable 100 pulls the compositecore 101 in the direction of arrow 302. An area of friction is developedalong the lumen 214 between the composite core 101 and the collet 202.As the tension pulls the composite core 101 in the direction of thearrow 302, the composite core 101, connected to the collet 202 by thefrictional area of contact, pulls the collet 202 further down into thecollet housing 204, as is represented by arrow 304. The conical shape ofthe collet 202 and the funnel shape of the collet housing 204 createincreased compression upon the composite core 101 because of thedecreasing volume within the collet housing 204 in the direction ofarrow 304. Thus, the frictional force increases proportionally with theincrease in the compressive forces, which increase proportionally withthe increase in tensional forces. The increased frictional force ensuresthat the composite core 101 does not slip out of the collet 202 when thetension increases.

Another possible component of the collet-type fitting 201 is an aluminumfiller sleeve 208. The aluminum filler sleeve 208 can be insertedbetween the aluminum housing and the aluminum conductor 106 of thealuminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100. This aluminumfiller sleeve 208 is required if the collet housing 204 and the collet202 need a larger outside diameter than the outside diameter of thealuminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100. A larger outsidediameter of the collet housing 204 allows the slope of the collet 202 tobe steeper and less likely to be forced out of the collet housing 204when pulled into the end of the collet housing 204. The aluminum fillersleeve 208 may be any shape to mate between the aluminum housing 210 andthe aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100. In theexemplary embodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve 208 is a tube. Thisaluminum filler sleeve 208 may be made from any conductive material. Inthe exemplary embodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve 208 is made fromaluminum to match the conductor strands 106 wrapping the aluminumconductor composite core reinforced cable 100 and the aluminum housing210. The aluminum filler sleeve 208 allows the electrical current topass through the aluminum filler sleeve 208, into the aluminum housing210, and into the next cable 100. The aluminum filler sleeve 208 may becrimped to the cable 100 using standard crimping techniques with forcesthat would not damage the composite core 101.

The collet-type fitting 201 may also include an aluminum housing 210.The aluminum housing 210 refers to any structure that functions as anelectrical jumper between the first cable 100 a and the second cable 100b. An aluminum housing 210 conducts and passes the electric current fromone cable 100 to another. In one embodiment, the aluminum housing 210may be a cable 100 that is crimped to the conductors 106 of the firstcable 100 a and the second cable 100 b. In an exemplary embodiment, thealuminum housing 210 is another hollow cylinder or tube that can beslipped over the entire splice and contact the conductors 106 on boththe first cable 100 a and second cable 100 b. The aluminum housing 210may be any electrically conductive material that can carry the electriccurrent from the first cable 100 a, over the splice 200, to the secondcable 100 b. In the exemplary embodiment, the aluminum housing 210 ismade from aluminum similar to that in the conductor strands 106 in thealuminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100. The aluminumhousing 210 may be crimped to both the first cable 100 a and the secondcable 100 b using standard crimping techniques with forces that wouldnot damage the composite core 101. This embodiment of the aluminumhousing 210 is shown in FIG. 2 and is only exemplary.

The aluminum housing 210 may have various cross-sectional areas. In oneembodiment, the cross-sectional area of the aluminum housing 210, atsome point along the length of the aluminum housing 210, exceeds thecross-sectional area of the conductors 106 on the cables 100. Forinstance, the cross-sectional area of the aluminum housing 210 may betwice the cross-sectional area of the cable conductors 106. Byincreasing the cross-sectional area of the aluminum housing 210, theoperating temperature of the aluminum housing 210 can be kept lower thanthe cable conductors 106. This improved heat dissipation may effectivelyimprove the longevity of the connection.

FIG. 10 illustrates an alternate embodiment of an aluminum housing 1000comprising a top portion 1002 and a bottom portion 1004 and one or morefastening devices 1016. The top portion 1002 further comprises one ormore edge pieces 1010 and gaps 1012 that are designed to interlock withcomplementary edge pieces 1006 and gaps 1008 of bottom portion 1004. Thecable side 1018 of each the top 1002 and bottom 1004 portions mayfurther comprise a tapered nose region 1020 to ensure a tight fitbetween the housing 1000 and the cable 100. The tapered nose region 1020helps to ensure an effective junction to carry electricity across thedead end or splice and further provides a barrier to environmentalfactors from penetrating within the housing 1000. It is noted thatalthough the drawing refers to a dead end, one of skill in the art willrecognize that the housing 1000 may also be adapted for a spliceconfiguration.

In this embodiment, the top 1002 and bottom 1004 portions interlock toform the housing 1000. For example, edge piece 1010 fits into edge gap1008 and edge piece 1006 fits into edge gap 1012 of the top portion1002. The top 1002 and bottom 1004 portions further comprise at leastone hole 1014 to receive one or more fastening devices 1016. In FIG. 10,the fastening devices are bolts, however, the fastening devices maycomprise any device that effectively holds the top 1002 and bottom 1004portions together. The housing 1000 abuts the connector 1024 at theconnector end 1022 of the housing 1000.

In an alternate embodiment, the top 1002 and bottom 1004 portions maycomprise a hinge system wherein the housing would function as a clamshell. This type of embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 11, wherein thehousing 1100 comprises a top portion 1102 and bottom portion 1104. Thetop 1102 and bottom 1104 portions further comprise hinge portions 1106and 1108. The hinge portions 1106 and 1108 each further comprise atleast one passageway 1110 and 1112 to receive at least one hinge pin1114. The opposite side 1116 of the top 1102 and bottom 1104 portionseach further comprise one or more holes 1118 to receive one or morefastening devices 1120.

In this embodiment, the cable 100 is inserted between the top 1102 andthe bottom 1104 portions. Hinge portions 1106, 1108, 1124 and noseregion 1126 interlock and align to receive the at least one pin 1114within holes 1110 and 1112. Once the hinge is engaged, the top portion1102 folds over the cable to abut the bottom portion 1104. The one ormore fastening devices 1120 are inserted into the one or more holes 1118and tightened to achieve a substantial connection with the cable. Invarious embodiments, the cable side 1128 and the dead end side 1130 ofthe housing 1100 may be either blunt (not shown) or tapered having anose region 1126 as shown. In addition, although the housing 1100 isdiscussed in reference to a dead end fitting, one of skill in the artwill recognize that the housing may be applied to a spliceconfiguration.

A Method to Splice

One embodiment of the method 500 to splice two aluminum conductorcomposite core reinforced cables 100 is shown in FIG. 5. First, thecomposite core 101 of the first cable 100 a and second cable 100 b canbe exposed 502 by stripping away the conductors 106 encasing thecomposite cores 101. Stripping the conductors 106 may be done by astripping tool. These tools and methods of stripping wire are well knownin the art and will not be explained further.

The collet 202 may be inserted 506 into the collet housing 204 and analuminum filler sleeve may be slipped over the conductor of each cable100. The aluminum housing 210 may also be slipped 504 over one of thecables 100. This step should be completed before the collet-typefittings 201 are coupled. Once the fittings 201 are coupled, the onlymethod of putting on the aluminum housing 210 would be to slip it overthe entire length of one of the cables 100 until it reaches the splice.However, other embodiments of the aluminum housing 210 may be placedover the splice later in the process.

The composite cores 101 can then be inserted 510 into the lumen 214 ofthe collet 202. Inserting the composite cores 101 entails the slippingof the cores 100 into their respective lumen 214. The core 100 may notreach the end of the collet 202 or may extend beyond the end of thecollet 202.

To create the compression fit and frictional hold on the composite core101, the collet 202 is compressed. The compression implement 206 is usedto squeeze the collet 202 into the collet housing 204. In the exemplaryembodiment, the compression screw 206 is threaded 508 into the collethousing 204 and then tightened 512, which presses the collet 202 furtherinto the collet housing 204. The collet 202 tightens around thecomposite core 101 along the length of the composite core 101 insertedinto the collet 202. Threading the screw 206 into the collet housing 204can be done before mating the composite core 101 with the collet 202.The collet 202 in turn applies compressive forces on the composite core101 of each cable 100.

In one embodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve 208 can be placed betweenthe aluminum housing 210 and the cable conductors 106. The aluminumfiller sleeve 208 and the aluminum housing 210 may be crimped 516 ontoone or both of the cables 100. The crimping of the aluminum housing 210ensures that it will not migrate from its position over the splice 200.In other embodiments, the aluminum filler sleeve 208 and the aluminumhousing 210 may be welded to one or both conductors 106 on the twocables 100. In still another embodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve 208and the aluminum housing 210 may be glued or adhesively attached to acable 100. Once attached, the aluminum housing 210 can carry electriccurrent over the splice 200, with help from the aluminum filler sleeve208.

An exemplary composite core 101 with a diameter of 0.371 inches, maywithstand compressive forces of about 10,000 psi. When the collet 202 iscompressed by the compression screw 206, the compressive forces shouldbe below the compression limit of the composite core 101. Thus, thecollet 202 should be compressed to less than about 10,000 psi. In anexemplary embodiment, the collet 202 is compressed to 4,000 psi for asplice 200 on an aluminum conductor composite core reinforced cable 100that replaces a Drake style ACSR conductor. These calculations are onlyexemplary but generally follow the calculations presented above.

An electrical cable 100 must be able to maintain adequate tension. Thetension in the line functions to reduce sag in the line. As a standard,tension in most Drake style ACSR cables is around 40,000 pounds.However, the present invention allows higher tension loads along thesplice 200. The splice 200 can handle tensions of around 43,000 pounds.Thus, the splice 200 maintains a three (3) times safety factor. Inaddition, the collet-type splice 200 increases the tension if thecomposite core 101 begins to slip from the splice 200 and pulls thecollet 202 further into the collet housing 204.

Other configurations of the above elements is contemplated and includedin the invention. In addition other elements may be added to the splice200 and are include in the invention.

Dead End Fittings

The present invention also relates to dead ends 400, as shown in FIG. 4Aand FIG. 4B, used to terminate the aluminum conductor composite corereinforced cables 100 described herein. As explained, the main loadbearing element of the aluminum conductor composite core reinforcedcable 100 is the composite core 101. Therefore, it is advantageous tohave a dead end 400 that can hold the composite core 101 of the aluminumconductor composite core reinforced cable 100. The dead ends 400 aresimilar and function similarly to the splice fittings 200. One skilledin the art will recognize the similarities and how to modify acollet-type fitting 201 to function in a dead end 400. Therefore, thecollet-type fitting 201 will not be explained again as it relates todead ends 400. Rather, the differences between the splice 200 and thedead end 400 will be explained hereinafter.

One embodiment of the collet-type dead end 400 is shown in FIG. 4A andFIG. 4B. In this embodiment, the collet-type dead end 400 may include,but is not limited to, a collet 202, a collet housing 204, a connector404, and at least one compression implement 206. In the embodimentshown, the compression implement 206 and the connector 404 are formed asa single piece. In further embodiments, the collet-type dead end 400 mayalso include an aluminum filler sleeve 208 and an aluminum housing 210.These elements of the collet-type dead end 400 function to mate with thecomposite core 101 of the aluminum conductor composite core reinforcedcable 100, compress the collet 202 such that friction holds onto thecomposite core 101 and anchor the dead end 400 to a structure.

A component of the collet-type dead end 400 may be a connector 404. Theconnector 404 may be any mechanical device that anchors the dead end 400and the cable 100 to a structure. In the embodiment shown, the connector404 is an eye bolt or clevis. In other embodiments, the connector 404may include, but is not limited to, hooks that can be set in a hole,plates that can be screwed to a set of bolts, or bolts that can screw toa female mate. One skilled in the art will recognize the various typesof connectors 404 that may be used. All of the connectors 404 areincorporated into this invention. Hereinafter, the connector 404 will bedescribed as an eye bolt 402, but the description is not meant to limitthe invention to that one embodiment.

The eye bolt 402 may be formed with the compression screw 206 and threadinto the collet housing 204. By screwing into the threads of the collethousing 204, the eye bolt 402 may be incorporated into the mechanicalcouple with the cable 100. Thus, when the eye bolt 402 is anchored to astructure, the components that hold the cable 100 are also anchored. Theeye bolt 402 can be anchored to any type of structure. The structure mayinclude, but is not limited to, a pole, a building, a tower, or asubstation.

The cables 100 and the collet-type dead end 400, once completely mated,form a cable terminal 400. After the cable terminal 400 is made, anelectrical jumper 406 may be installed, and the electrical circuitconnected to the end user using the jumper 406.

An alternate embodiment of the collet-type dead end 800 is shown in FIG.8A and FIG. 8B. The embodiment of the collet-type dead end 800 includesa collet-type fitting 803 and a connector element 812. In thisembodiment, the collet-type fitting 803 includes at least, a collet 802and a collet housing 804. As previously described, the collet-typefitting 803 may also include an aluminum filler sleeve (not shown) andan aluminum housing (not shown), which may cover the collet-type fitting803 and the connector 812.

In various embodiments, the connector element 812 may comprise anyelement that functions to seat the collet 802 within the collet housing804 at one end, and anchor the collet-type fitting 803 to a structure.In one embodiment, for example, the connector element 812 is an eyeboltas illustrated in FIG. 8A and FIG. 8B, wherein the eyebolt may compriseany of a plurality of materials strong enough to support the cable 100.Preferably, the connector element 812 comprises a material that isresistant to rust, such as stainless steel. The connector element 812may further comprise a nose region 822 on the end 824 that seats withinthe collet housing 804. The nose region 822 functions to appropriatelyseat the collet 802 within the collet housing 804.

The collet-type dead end 800 functions similarly to the collet-typesplice 700 to grip the composite core 100. In particular, the connector812 compresses the collet 802 within the collet housing 804 such thatfriction holds onto the composite core 101. Similar to the collet-typesplice 700, the design of the collet 802 and the collet housing 804provides for a progressive grip to hold the composite core 101 withoutpenetrating or weakening the core 101. Each collet 802 comprises a firstend 826 towards the connector and a second end 828 towards the cable.The second end 828 comprises a cone like configuration or nose region816. The nose region may further comprise a polished exterior surface tofacilitated seating of the collet 802 within the collet housing 804. Ingeneral, the forces are stronger towards the first end 826 and the gripis released towards the second end 828 or cable side of the collet 802.

In various embodiments, the collet 802 comprises a lumen to receive thecomposite core 101 wherein the lumen extends between the first end 826and the second end 828. The interior surface of the lumen, the surfacethat contacts the composite core, may be graded from rough towards thefirst end 826 to smooth towards the second end 828. In addition, thecollet 802 may comprise a single cone shaped piece having one or morelongitudinally oriented slits cut into the length of the sides. Theslits introduce some flexibility into the collet 802 such that whenpressure is applied by the connector element 812 the collet 802 gripsthe outer surface of the core 101. In addition to the interior surfaceof the collet 802 gripping the core 101, the outer surface of the collet802 may further comprise a polished or smooth nose region 816. Thesmooth surface of the nose region 816 of the collet 802 allows the core101 to stretch into the collet 802 and move longitudinally inside thecollet 802 at the nose region 816. The smooth surface of the collet 802at the nose region 816 enables the collet 802 to extend past the end 818of the collet housing 804 which further forces stretching of the core101 within the collet housing 804. These forces ensure that thecomposite core 101 does not slip out of the collet 802 when the tensionincreases.

In a further embodiment, the exterior surface of the collet 802 maycomprise a series of grooves or textures and the interior surface of thecollet housing 804 may comprise a smooth polished surface. The roughexterior surface of the collet 802 reduces the surface area of theexterior surface in contact with the interior surface of the collethousing 804. In addition, the polished interior surface of the collethousing 804 facilitates seating the collet 802 within the housing 804.It will be apparent to one skilled in the art that this type of surfacetexturing may also be applied to splices.

Referring to FIG. 8B, in this embodiment, to assemble the collet-typedead end, the composite core 101 is inserted into the collet 802. Thecollet 802 and the core 101 are inserted into the collet housing 804.The connector element 812 is inserted into the first end 820 of thecollet housing 804. The end 820 of the collet housing 804 is threaded toreceive the connector element 812. As the connector element 812 threadsinto the collet housing 804, the connector element 812 applies pressureto the collet 802 within the housing 804. This pressure causes thecollet 802 to seat within the collet housing 804 and grip the core 101without penetrating the core 101.

In some situations, the dead end may require a more extensive grip. Inan alternate embodiment, two or more collet-type fittings may be coupledin succession to achieve a more substantial grip on the composite core.One embodiment of a collet-type dead end is shown in FIG. 9. Althoughthe configuration is modified, the concept of the grip on the core 101including surface modifications to the elements of the collet-typefittings 903, 905 as described above still may apply to this embodiment.Accordingly, these aspects will not be discussed in detail here.

The embodiment of the collet-type dead end 900 includes a firstcollet-type fitting 903, a second collet-type fitting 905, and aconnector element 912. In this embodiment, the first collet-type fitting903 includes at least, a collet 902 and a collet housing 904. The secondcollet-type fitting 905 includes at least, a collet 906 and a collethousing 908. As previously described, the collet-type fittings 903, 905may also include an aluminum filler sleeve (not shown) and an aluminumhousing (not shown), which may cover the collet-type fittings 903, 905and the connector 912.

In a further embodiment, collet 906 in the second collet-type fitting905 may comprise a somewhat softer material than the first collet 902.In this embodiment, the second collet 902 may comprise any type ofmaterial that has a high melting point with some ability to dampvibrations and provide additional grip or strength to the interfacebetween the core and the second collet-type fitting 905. For example,the collet 906 may comprise a high melting point rubber, varioussynthetic rubbers based on polychloroprene, a lightweight inflexiblepolymer type material such as Delrin, or high density polyethylene.

In this embodiment, the connector element 912 comprises an eye bolt.However, the connector element may be any element that couples thecollet-type fitting to a structure. The dead end 900 functions similarlyto the previously disclosed embodiments. The nose region 922 of theconnector element 912 functions to seat the first collet 902 within thefirst collet housing 904. The structure of the collet housing 904 mayfurther comprise a nose region 910 and an upstream threaded region 914.The upstream threaded region 914 engages threads on the connector side916 of the interior of the second housing 908. The connector side 916 ofthe housing 908 receives the threaded region 914 of the first collethousing 904. In addition, the nose region 910 functions to seat thecollet 906 of the second collet-type fitting 905 within the collethousing 908.

A Method to Terminate

One embodiment of the method 600 to terminate an aluminum conductorcomposite core reinforced cable 100 is shown in FIG. 6. First, thecomposite core 101 of the cable 100 can be exposed 602 by stripping awaythe conductor 106 encasing the composite core 101. Stripping theconductor 106 may be done by a stripping tool. These tools and methodsof stripping wire are well known in the art and will not be explainedfurther.

The collet 202 may be inserted 606 into the collet housing 204. Thealuminum housing 210 may also be slipped 604 over the cable 100. In oneembodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve may also be placed over the cable100. The connector 404 may be attached 610 to the second end 222 of thecollet housing 204. The connection can be made by screwing the connector404 into the end 222 of the collet housing 204. At this point, thecollet 204 is prepared to receive the composite core 101. The compositecore 101 can be inserted 612 into the lumen 214 of the collet 202.Inserting the composite core 101 entails the slipping of the core 100into the lumen 214, possibly until the core 100 reaches the end of thecollet 202.

To create the compression fit and frictional hold on the composite core101, the collet 202 is compressed. The compression implement 206 is usedto squeeze the collet 202. In one embodiment, the compression screw 206is threaded 608 into the collet housing 204 and then tightened 914,which presses on the collet 202. The collet 202 in turn appliescompressive forces on the composite core 101 of the cable 100.

In one embodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve 208 and the aluminumhousing 210 can be slipped 616 over the dead end 400. The aluminumfiller sleeve 208 and the aluminum housing 210 may be crimped 616 ontothe cable 100. The crimping of the aluminum filler sleeve 208 and thealuminum housing 210 ensures that it will not migrate from its positionover the dead end 400. In other embodiments, the aluminum filler sleeve208 and the aluminum housing 210 may be welded to a conductor 106. Instill another embodiment, the aluminum filler sleeve 208 and thealuminum housing 210 may be glued or adhesively attached to the cable100. Once attached, the aluminum housing 210 can carry electric currentover the dead end 400.

In an exemplary embodiment, a jumper terminal 406 may be attached to thealuminum housing 210. In one embodiment, the jumper terminal 406 isbolted to the aluminum housing 210. The jumper terminal 406 may also bewelded or adhesively attached to the aluminum housing 210. In stillanother embodiment, the jumper terminal 406 and the aluminum housing 210are formed as a single unitary part. One skilled in the art willrecognize other methods of attaching the aluminum housing 210 to thejumper terminal 406. The jumper terminal 406 provides a means ofconnection between the aluminum housing 210 and the end user.

The dead end 400, after the connector 404 and the core 100 are attached,can be anchored 622 to a structure. Anchoring the dead end 400 mayinclude slipping the eye of the eye bolt 404 or clevis over some hook.The structure may be a pole or a building. In one embodiment, the eye isslipped onto a hook; the jumper terminal 406 is connected to a wire thatfeeds the electrical current into a nearby building. One skilled in theart will recognize other structures to anchor to and other methods ofcompleting such attachments.

1-25. (canceled)
 26. A collet-type dead end to terminate an electricitytransmission cable, the cable comprising a composite core membersurrounded by a conductor, the collet-type dead end comprising: a firstcollet-type fitting adapted to receive the composite core member, thefirst collet-type fitting comprising at least a collet and a collethousing, the collet housing adapted to engage a second collet-typefitting; at least a second collet-type fitting connected to at least thefirst collet type fitting, the second collet-type fitting comprising atleast a collet and a collet housing; and a connector having a first endand a second end, the first end of the connector adapted to couple withthe first collet-type fitting, and the second end adapted to couple witha structure, wherein the first end functions to seat and compress thecollet within the collet housing; and wherein, compressing the colletexerts a compressive and frictional force on the composite core of thecable.
 27. A collet-type dead end according to claim 26, wherein thecollet comprises a lumen having an interior surface, wherein theinterior surface is graded from rough to smooth.
 28. A collet-type deadend according to claim 26, wherein the collet is an elongated conicalbody having one or more longitudinally oriented slits.
 29. A collet-typedead end according to claim 26, wherein the collet housing is a tubewith a funnel-shaped interior that receives the collet.
 30. Acollet-type dead end according to claim 26, wherein the connectorcomprises at least a portion that facilitates seating the collet intothe collet housing and compresses the collet by pressing the collet intothe collet housing.
 31. A collet-type dead end according to claim 26,wherein the collet housing is made from steel.
 32. A collet-type deadend according to claim 26, wherein the connector is a compression screwthat threads into the collet housing, and wherein tightening thecompression screw compresses the collet.
 33. A collet-type dead endaccording to claim 26, further comprising an aluminum housing thatcouples with the collet-type fittings and electrically connects theconductor of the first cable with the conductor of the second cable. 34.A collet-type dead end according to claim 33, wherein the aluminumhousing is a tube.
 35. A collet-type dead end according to claim 33,further comprising an aluminum filler sleeve between the conductor onthe cable and the aluminum housing to ensure that the electrical currentis passed by the aluminum housing.